Glutathione
Endogenous Tripeptide / AntioxidantsupplementAlso known as: GSH, L-Glutathione, Gamma-Glutamylcysteinylglycine, Reduced Glutathione
A tripeptide antioxidant composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine that serves as the body's master antioxidant, critical for detoxification, immune function, and cellular protection.
Overview
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide found in virtually every cell of the body, with the highest concentrations in the liver. It is the most abundant intracellular thiol and the primary non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Glutathione participates in detoxification of xenobiotics and reactive oxygen species, regeneration of other antioxidants (vitamins C and E), immune cell function, and DNA synthesis. It exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms, with the GSH:GSSG ratio serving as a key indicator of cellular redox status. Glutathione levels decline with age, chronic disease, and oxidative stress. Supplementation routes include oral (liposomal for better absorption), IV push, nebulized, and topical. IV glutathione has gained popularity in wellness clinics for skin lightening, detoxification, and anti-aging.
Mechanism of Action
Glutathione functions through multiple mechanisms: (1) Direct scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species via its sulfhydryl (-SH) group on cysteine; (2) Serves as cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzymes, detoxifying hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides; (3) Conjugates with toxins, drugs, and heavy metals via glutathione S-transferases for excretion; (4) Regenerates oxidized vitamins C and E back to their active reduced forms; (5) Maintains protein thiol groups in reduced state, protecting enzyme function; (6) Essential for T-cell proliferation and NK cell activity in immune function; (7) Inhibits melanin synthesis by favoring pheomelanin over eumelanin production (skin lightening effect).
Molecular Formula
C10H17N3O6S
Molecular Weight
307.32 g/mol
Sequence
γ-Glu-Cys-Gly
Dosage Protocols
Dose Range
250mg – 1000mg
Frequency
Once to twice daily
Route
oral (liposomal preferred)
Cycle Length
Ongoing
Standard oral glutathione has poor bioavailability. Liposomal formulations or S-acetyl glutathione improve absorption. Take on empty stomach. NAC (600-1200mg) can also boost endogenous glutathione.
Source: Clinical studies and supplement protocols
🧮 Personalized Dosage Calculator
💰 Estimated Pricing
Typical Supply
200mg/mL 30mL vial (IV) or 500mg capsules
Last Updated
2026-02
Master antioxidant. IV vials: $40-80. Oral supplements: $20-50. Liposomal forms: $30-70. Widely available.
⚠️ Prices are estimates based on publicly available data and may vary significantly by vendor, location, and prescription status. This is not medical or financial advice.
Side Effects
| Effect | Severity |
|---|---|
| Bloating / GI discomfort | mild |
| Sulfur taste/odor | mild |
| Headache | mild |
| Allergic reaction (IV) | moderate |
Pros & Cons
Master antioxidant — regenerates other antioxidants and is essential for every cell
Critical for liver detoxification and immune cell function
Multiple supplementation routes available (oral, liposomal, IV, nebulized)
Excellent safety profile with long history of supplementation
Poor oral bioavailability of standard glutathione — liposomal or IV forms needed for meaningful levels
IV glutathione is expensive and effects may be transient without ongoing treatment
NAC supplementation may be more cost-effective for boosting endogenous glutathione
Research Studies
🩸 Blood Work
No specific bloodwork requirements reported for this peptide. General health panels are always recommended before starting any peptide protocol.
Legal Status
Available as dietary supplement worldwide. IV glutathione used in clinical settings (off-label). Not FDA-approved for any specific medical indication. GRAS status for oral supplementation.
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